N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP)

First, N-methylpyrrolidone is a very slow evaporating solvent. NMP has a boiling point of 202°C. A thin film of NMP requires over 15,000 s for 90% evaporation at room temperature. (See the solvent properties in Table 6.2 at the end of this chapter.) If this is the only solvent used in PAI- or PES-based coatings, viscosity does not build up rapidly after the application and the coating will be prone to running, dripping, and sagging. The most effective fast-evaporating solvent for these resins is DMF, but that solvent has serious safety issues.





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1.4-Butanediol

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1.4-Butanediol (chemical formula: HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH) is one of the isomers of butanediol, a terminal dihydroxy substituent of butane, which is a colorless, viscous liquid at room temperature. Industrially, BDO is produced by allowing acetylene to react with two molecules of formaldehyde to form BDO, which is then hydrogenated. BDO can also be obtained by gas-phase hydrogenation of anhydrides.
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Tetrahydrofuran

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Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a colorless, volatile liquid with the odor of ether or acetone and is miscible with water and most organic solvents. THF is highly flammable and may thermally decompose into carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
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BDO

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1.4-Butanediol ( BDO ) is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of certain types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes. In organic chemistry, 1.4-butanediol is used in the synthesis of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperatures, 1.4-Butanediol dehydrates into the important solvent tetrahydrofuran. At about 200°C, in the presence of a soluble ruthenium catalyst, the diol undergoes a dehydrogenation reaction to form butyrolactone. BDO is used to synthesize 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, which is then used as an epoxy resin diluent.
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